Pregnancy and Oral Health: A Comprehensive Guide

Drs. Nicolas & Asp13 Nov 2024

Pregnancy brings many changes to a woman’s body, and oral health is no exception. Shifts in hormones, dietary habits, and oral hygiene routines can all impact the health of an expectant mom’s teeth and gums.

The American Dental Association (ADA), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) say that maintaining oral health during pregnancy is crucial not only for the mother’s overall well-being but also for the health of the developing baby.

Why Oral Health Matters During Pregnancy

Pregnancy-related hormonal changes can make gums more susceptible to inflammation, known as pregnancy gingivitis, and can contribute to increased risks for cavities, infections, and even more severe periodontal diseases. Research suggests that untreated periodontal disease in mothers can affect the developing baby, with some studies linking gum disease to preterm birth and low birth weight.

Common Oral Health Issues During Pregnancy

Pregnancy gingivitis: Increased levels of progesterone and estrogen can lead to gum sensitivity, swelling, and bleeding. Pregnancy gingivitis affects up to 60-75% of pregnant women making it the the most prevalent oral manifestation associated with pregnancy. Left untreated, gingivitis can lead to periodontitis, a more severe gum disease associated with bone and tooth loss.
Periodontitis: Advanced gum disease, or periodontitis, is a significant concern for pregnant women, as studies suggest that it is associated with increased risks for preterm birth and low birth weight. Periodontitis can result from untreated gingivitis and often requires more intensive dental care.
Cavities: Pregnancy-related dietary changes, such as frequent snacking and increased sugar consumption, can contribute to a higher risk of cavities. Morning sickness and nausea can also lead to enamel erosion, making teeth more susceptible to decay.
Pregnancy tumors: Pregnancy tumors—small growths that appear on the gums—can develop due to hormonal changes and are often associated with gum inflammation. These benign overgrowths usually develop during the second trimester and typically go away after childbirth.
Enamel erosion: For women experiencing morning sickness, stomach acids can erode tooth enamel, making teeth more prone to decay and sensitivity.

Pregancy tumor | Photo credit: Wiley Online Library

Safe Dental Care During Pregnancy

Contrary to common misconceptions, routine dental care is safe and recommended during pregnancy. The ADA, ACOG, and AAP emphasize the importance of maintaining oral health throughout pregnancy and outline specific guidelines to ensure the safety of dental treatments.

Routine checkup and cleaning: Dental exams, cleanings, restorative and preventive treatments are safe and encouraged during pregnancy, ideally during the second trimester when discomfort from morning sickness has typically subsided. Further, ACOG says, “Conditions that require immediate treatment, such as extractions, root canals, and restoration (amalgam or composite) of untreated caries, may be managed at any time during pregnancy.”
Dental X-rays: Modern digital X-rays emit very low radiation levels. With appropriate abdominal and thyroid shielding, they are considered safe during pregnancy. Necessary X-rays should not be delayed, as untreated oral health issues can have adverse effects on both the mother and the baby.
Local anesthesia: If dental work is necessary, local anesthesia is safe when used appropriately. Local anesthetics like lidocaine (with or without epinephrine), often used for cavity fillings or extractions, do not pose risks when administered at low doses. Inform your dentist that you’re pregnant so they can adjust dosages and avoid certain medications.
Medications: If antibiotics or pain relief is needed, your dentist will prescribe medications that are safe during pregnancy, such as penicillin and acetaminophen.

Oral Health Tips for Pregnant Women

Maintaining good oral hygiene during pregnancy is essential for both mother and baby. Here are some tips for ensuring optimal oral health throughout pregnancy:

Brush and floss regularly

Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and flossing once daily. These practices help prevent gum disease and control plaque build-up, which reduces the likelihood of cavities and gingivitis.

Eat a balanced diet

The ADA recommends that expecting mothers focus on key nutrients to support their oral health and their baby’s development. Foods rich in vitamin C, like strawberries, oranges, and kiwi, help strengthen the immune system and gums. Beta-carotene sources, such as sweet potatoes and carrots, convert to vitamin A, promoting mouth health. Omega-3s from nuts, seeds, and fish help regulate inflammation, while calcium-rich foods like dairy, broccoli, and kale are essential for developing strong teeth and bones. Vitamin D, found in salmon, fortified milk, and cereals, also supports bone and tooth development.

Rinse your mouth after vomiting

If you experience morning sickness, gently rinse your mouth with water or a baking soda solution (1 teaspoon of baking soda in a cup of water) to neutralize stomach acid. Wait at least 30 minutes before brushing your teeth to avoid damaging your enamel.

Avoid sugary and acidic foods

Reducing sugar intake and avoiding acidic foods and drinks can help prevent cavities and protect enamel. Sugary snacks should be limited, and acidic drinks like soda and fruit juices should be avoided or followed by rinsing with water.

Visit the dentist Regularly

Schedule a dental visit early in your pregnancy, ideally within the first trimester, and follow up as needed. Regular cleanings and exams can prevent and manage oral health issues before they become more severe.

Pregnancy is a time of profound change, and taking care of your oral health is an essential part of a healthy pregnancy journey. If you’re new to Dubai or are seeking a new dental home for you and your family, please give Drs. Nicolas & Asp Centers a call at 04 394 7777.